CCSDS Data Standards
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is a multi-national forum for the development of communications & data systems standards for spaceflight.
The CCSDS is the de-facto standards body for space systems. Their Blue Books (recommended standards) specify how to transmit / receive data.
Many of their standards have efficient raw binary standards, like Space Data Link Protocol, which specify exactly what specific order and type each field needs to be in the transmitted data.
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